Table 4

Effect of diet programs on metabolic syndrome parameters and fasting lipid profiles

Low glycemic, reduced-calorie diet group (n = 29)
 Low carbohydrate, ketogenic diet group (n = 21)
Test
 Week 0
 Week 24
 Week 0 to 24
 Week 0
 Week 24
 Week 0 to 24

mean ± sd
 mean ± sd
 mean change
 mean ± sd
 mean ± sd
 mean change
Fasting glucose, mg/dL
 166.8 ± 63.7
 150.8 ± 47.4
 -16.0 *
 178.1 ± 72.9
 158.2 ± 50.0
 -19.9*
Waist circumference, inches
 47.0 ± 5.1
 42.4 ± 5.5
 -4.6 *
 47.1 ± 5.5
 41.8 ± 5.3
 -5.3 *
Triglycerides, mg/dL
 167.1 ± 125.7
 147.8 ± 128.5
 -19.3
 210.4 ± 10.3
 142.9 ± 76.9
 -67.5 *
HDL cholesterol, mg/dL
 48.7 ± 11.8
 48.7 ± 10.1
 -0 †
 44.0 ± 8.7
 49.6 ± 11.7
 +5.6 * †
Systolic blood pressure, mmHg
 140.8 ± 15.7
 130.1 ± 17.1
 -10.7 *
 144.4 ± 15.0
 127.8 ± 13.4
 -16.6 *
Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg
 84.1 ± 11.0
 78.5 ± 8.7
 -5.6 *
 83.9 ± 10.3
 75.8 ± 10.9
 -8.1 *
Body mass index, kg/m2
 37.9 ± 6.0
 35.2 ± 6.1
 -2.7 * †
 37.8 ± 6.7
 33.9 ± 5.8
 -3.9 * †
Total cholesterol, mg/dL
 190.6 ± 43.8
 184.8 ± 45.6
 -5.8
 191.4 ± 32.0
 187.0 ± 35.8
 -4.4
LDL cholesterol, mg/dL
 113.8 ± 40.9
 111.0 ± 42.2
 -2.8
 105.8 ± 25.7
 107.1 ± 26.3
 +1.3
VLDL cholesterol, mg/dL
 27.7 ± 13.2
 24.4 ± 12.3
 -3.3*
 37.3 ± 14.9
 27.3 ± 15.2
 -10.0*
Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio
 4.1 ± 1.3
 3.9 ± 1.2
 -0.2
 4.5 ± 1.1
 4.1 ± 4.1
 -0.4
Triglyceride/HDL cholesterol ratio
 3.9 ± 3.7
 3.3 ± 3.1
 -0.6
 5.2 ± 3.4
 3.4 ± 3.0
 -1.8*

These changes were observed with a reduction or elimination of diabetic medication as shown in Table 3.

HDL = high-density lipoprotein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein; VLDL = very-low-density lipoprotein

* p < 0.05 for within-group change from Baseline to Week 24.

† p < 0.05, for between-groups comparison of changes from Baseline to Week 24.

P values with adjustment for baseline values: fasting glucose: 0.76, waist circumference: 0.43, triglycerides: 0.17, HDL: 0.09, systolic blood pressure: 0.89, diastolic blood pressure: 0.48, body mass index: 0.10, total cholesterol: 0.85, LDL: 0.79, VLDL: 0.24, total cholesterol/HDL ratio: 0.92, triglyceride/HDL ratio: 0.54.

Westman et al. Nutrition & Metabolism 2008 5:36   doi:10.1186/1743-7075-5-36