Figure 2.

Structural formula of (A) rho iso-alpha acids from Humulus lupulus L. and (B) proanthocyanidins from Acacia nilotica bark extract (N = 4–10 for oligomeric, and > 10 for polymeric fractions). rho iso-alpha acids formulation contains approximately 25% inorganic salts, eg., Mg⁺², K⁺, and SO₄^-2, 5% low-molecular resin and 68% total rho iso-alpha acids, as a mixture of related analogs and diastereomers with a ratio of cis to trans of 3:1 and a ratio of co- to n- of 1:2.2. The aqueous/methanol acacia extract consists of approximately 16% small molecule catechins and gallates, 28% oligomeric proanthocyanidins with a degree of polymerization of 4–8 and 56% polymeric proanthocyanidins with a degree of polymerization of 58.