Table 1 |
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Summary of Chocolate and Cocoa Feeding Trials |
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|
Author |
Year |
No. Participants |
Trial Design |
Duration |
Intervention |
Outcome(s) |
|
|
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|
Kondo [83] |
1996 |
12 |
Crossover |
1 meal, pre/post-meal measurement |
Cocoa (35 g delipidated), vs. none |
Decreased LDL oxidation |
|
Rein [138] |
2000 |
30 |
Parallel |
1 meal, 2 & 6 hrs |
Cocoa beverage (300 ml, 19 g procyanidin), caffeinated beverage (17 mg caffeine), or water |
Decreased platelet activation, decreased platelet function |
|
Wang [79] |
2000 |
20 |
Crossover |
1 meal, 1 week/phase |
Procyanidin-rich chocolate (27, 53, 80 g), vs. none |
Increased antioxidant capacity, decreased oxidative stress |
|
Osakabe [88] |
2001 |
15 |
Parallel |
daily, 2 weeks |
Cocoa powder (36 g/day), vs. sugar |
Decreased LDL oxidation (increased lag time) |
|
Wan [85] |
2001 |
23 |
Crossover |
daily, 4 weeks/phase |
Cocoa powder (22 g/day) + dark chocolate (12 g/day), vs. average American diet |
Decreased LDL oxidation (increased lag time), Increased HDL concentration |
|
Schramm [101] |
2001 |
10 |
Crossover |
1 meal, 2 & 6 hrs, 1 week/phase |
Chocolate (35 g, high 4 mg/g vs. low 0.09 mg/g procyanidin) |
Increased prostacyclin, decreased leukotriene (likely decreased platelet activation, anti-inflammatory) |
|
Holt [95] |
2002 |
18 |
Crossover |
1 meal, 2 hrs |
Chocolate chips (25 g semi-sweet), vs. none |
Decrease platelet function |
|
Mathur [86] |
2002 |
25 |
Crossover |
daily, 6 weeks/phase |
Dark chocolate (37 g/day), cocoa powder (31 g/day), vs. none |
Decreased LDL oxidizability, marginal HDL increase |
|
Pearson [92] |
2002 |
16 |
Crossover |
1 meal, 1 day/phase |
Cocoa beverage (300 ml, 19 g flavanol cocoa powder), cocoa beverage + aspirin, or aspirin |
Decreased platelet activation, decreased platelet function, all additive of aspirin effects. |
|
Heiss [99] |
2003 |
20 |
Crossover |
1 meal, 1 day/phase |
Cocoa beverages (100 ml, high or low flavan-3-ol) |
Increased NO bioactivity, improved endothelial function |
|
Innes [97] |
2003 |
30 |
Parallel |
1 meal, 4 hrs |
Dark (75% cocoa, highest flavonoid content), milk (20% cocoa), or white chocolate (no flavonoids) |
Dark chocolate inhibited collagen-induced platelet aggregation |
|
Murphy [94] |
2003 |
32 |
Parallel |
daily, 28 days |
Cocoa flavonoid tablets (234 mg), vs. placebo |
Decreased platelet function, no difference oxidation status |
|
Serrafini [76] |
2003 |
12 |
Crossover |
1 meal, 1 day/phase |
Dark chocolate (100 g), dark chocolate (100 g) + milk (200 ml), or 200 g milk chocolate |
Increase antioxidant capacity, in absence of milk |
|
Taubert [118] |
2003 |
13 |
Crossover |
daily, 14 days/phase |
Dark chocolate (100 g, 500 mg polyphenols), vs. white chocolate (90 g, 0 mg polyphenols) |
Lower systolic and diastolic blood pressure with dark chocolate |
|
Wiswedel [90] |
2004 |
20 |
Crossover |
1 meal, 1 week washout |
High flavanol (1.87 mg/ml) vs. low flavanol (0.14 mg/ml) cocoa beverage |
Lower levels of lipid peroxidation indicators with high flavanol cocoa beverage |
|
Engler [98] |
2004 |
21 |
Parallel |
daily, 2 weeks |
Chocolate (high vs. low flavonoid) |
Improved endothelial function, no difference oxidative stress, lipids with high flavonoid choc. |
|
Mursu [115] |
2004 |
45 |
Parallel |
daily, 3 weeks |
Dark chocolate, dark chocolate enriched with cocoa polyphenols, or white chocolate |
Increased HDL concentration, no change LDL oxidizability |
|
Grassi [116] |
2005 |
15 |
Crossover |
daily, 15 days/phase |
Dark chocolate (100 g, 500 mg polyphenols), vs. white chocolate (90 g, 0 mg polyphenols) |
Lower systolic blood pressure, improved insulin sensitivity, lower insulin resistance |
|
Zhu [139] |
2005 |
8 |
Parallel |
1 meal, 1–2–4–8 hrs |
Cocoa beverage (high flavonoid); 0.25, 0.38, 0.50 g/kg body weight dose |
Reduced susceptibility to free-radical induced hemolysis |
|
Vlachopoulos [140] |
2005 |
17 |
Crossover |
1 meal, 1 day/phase |
Dark chocolate (100 g, 2.62 g procyanidin), vs. none |
Improved endothelial function, vasodilation of brachial artery, no change in blood pressure |
|
Fraga [119] |
2005 |
28 |
Parallel |
daily, 14 days |
High flavanol milk chocolate (105 g, 168 mg flavanols) vs. low flavonoid chocolate (<5 mg flavanols) |
Lower mean blood pressure, lower LDL cholesterol, lower oxidative stress markers in high flavanol chocolate group |
|
|
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Ding et al. Nutrition & Metabolism 2006 3:2 doi:10.1186/1743-7075-3-2 |
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